Through the years, body odor and
tobacco smoke were the prime factors in assessing the perceived
quality of the indoor air. Cleanliness has not always been next to
Godliness. The decline in the practice of bathing during the Middle
Ages, which persisted through the Renaissance, can be attributed to
the attitude of the Christians toward cleanliness.
The Church attacked the preoccupation
with body comfort and attractiveness offered by bathing as tending
toward sin. The “odor of sanctity” prevailed and lice were called
“pearls of God.” St. Paul is said to have observed, “The purity
of the body and its garments means the impurity of the soul.”
More frequently the lack of personal
hygiene during the Renaissance was an economic concern. Poor people
worked and slept in the only clothing they owned. While the rich
owned more changes of clothes, there is little evidence that they
were laundered between wearings.
This historical perspective helps
explain the current emphasis upon the occupant as the primary
pollution source. This has resulted in occupant population driven
ventilation rates.
Smoking tobacco has alternately been
accepted and rejected by society and the law. King James I was the
first to denounce the habit as a “corruption of health and
manners.” During the 17th century, most of Europe severely
penalized or forbade the consumption of tobacco. In 1911, 14 states
prohibited cigarettes for moral and/or health reasons.
Today these concerns are reflected in
the prohibitions governing the sale of tobacco to minors, advertising
restrictions, and the increasing limitations on areas where smoking
is permitted. Many locales have demonstrated their concerns about the
potential health effects of tobacco smoke by severely restricted
smoking practices in public access buildings, especially following
the aborted OSHA ruling in 1994.
Communicable disease followed a similar
historical path as cleanliness and bathing. Yet, knowing nothing
about bacteria, virus, and other pathogens, early settlers found that
swamps brought disease and conversely, clean mountain air purged the
body of fatal “consumption.”
This led to the development of
sanitariums for TB rehabilitation and the use of high ventilation
rates in health care facilities that were highly congested and
contaminated with communicable pathogens. These three indoor air
quality factors, body odor, communicable Smoke which refers to the
side stream fumes and the exhaled smoke from the active smoker that
becomes part of the common breathing air stream), strongly influence
our standards today.
The need for fresh air has historically
been measured in the need to counteract these human-generated
pollutants; thus, the common ventilation requirements are for so many
cubic feet of air per minute per occupant. The sources of many
contaminants today; e.g., building materials, combustion, cleaning
supplies, etc. have very little relationship to the number of
occupants in a building.
As we move into more modern times, it
becomes clear that indoor air quality has had its own “Back to the
Future” scenario. With the development of the first nuclear powered
submarine in 1954, submarines suddenly had the capability to remain
submerged for weeks (or months) at a time. This required a means of
controlling, cleaning and revitiating the quality of indoor air.
Through the use of special ventilation
and filter systems, air conditioning, chilled water systems, main
oxygen supply, CO2 removal, CO-H2 burners and atmosphere analyzing
systems, the internal air in a modern submarine can be maintained at
a designated quality level. The designers of the Nautilus’
environmental system were ahead of today’s building designers by
nearly half a century.
More recently these advancements have
again been illustrated by the space shuttles in which comfortable and
safe environments have been designed, installed, and maintained in
outer space. Thus, the technology currently exists to create
acceptable and safe indoor environments without access to fresh
outdoor air.
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The requirement for outside air has generally been estimated in the need to balance these human-created poisons; in this way, the regular ventilation necessities are for such a large number of cubic feet of air every moment per inhabitant. The wellsprings of numerous e cigarette juice wholesale contaminants today.
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