The motion between gear teeth as they
go through mesh is a combination of sliding and rolling. The type of
gear, the operating load, speed, temperature, method of application
of the lubricant, and metallurgy of the gears are all important
considerations in the selection of a lubricant.
Industrial gearing may be enclosed,
where the gears and the bearings that support them are operated off
the same lubricant system; or open, where the bearings are lubricated
separately from the gears themselves.
Due to the high sliding contact
encountered in enclosed worm and hypoid gears, lubricant selection
for these should be considered separately from lubrication of other
types of enclosed gears.
As with all equipment, the first rule
in selecting a gear lubricant is to follow the manufacturer’s
recommendation, if at all possible. In general, one of the following
types of oils is used:
Rust- and Oxidation-Inhibited (R &
O) Oils.
R & O oils are high-quality
petroleum-based oils containing rust and oxidation inhibitors. These
oils provide satisfactory protection for most lightly to moderately
loaded enclosed gears.
Extreme-Pressure (EP) Oils.
EP oils are usually high-quality
petroleum-based oils containing sulfur- and phosphorus-based
extreme-pressure additives. These products are especially helpful
when high-load conditions exist and are a must in the lubrication of
enclosed hypoid gears.
Compounded Oils.
These are usually petroleum-based oils
containing 3 to 5 percent fatty or synthetic fatty oils (usually
animal fat or acid less tallow).They are usually used for worm gear
lubrication, where the fatty content helps reduce the friction
generated under high sliding conditions.
Heavy Open-Gear Compounds.
These are very heavy bodied tarlike
substances designed to stick tenaciously to the metal surfaces. Some
are so thick they must be heated or diluted with a solvent to soften
them for application. These products are used in cases where the
lubricant application is intermittent.
A number of gear lubrication models and
viscosity selection guides exist. In the United States, the most
widely used selection method employs the American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA) standards. Under its specifications for enclosed
industrial gear drives, the AGMA has defined lubricant numbers, which
designate viscosity grades for gear oils.
Open gears operate under conditions of
boundary lubrication. The lubricant can be applied by hand or via
drip-feed cups, mechanical force-feed lubricators, or sprays.
Heavy bodied residual oils with good
adhesive and film-strength properties are required to survive the
relatively long, slow, heavy tooth pressure while maintaining some
film between applications of lubricant. Several PC software programs
exist to aid in lubricant selection to reduce wear, scuffing, and
pitting of gear-tooth surfaces.
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